1  Introduction2  Quantities of Spectroscopy    2．1 Radiometric Quantities    2．2 Measured Quantities    2．3 Local Quantities    2．3．1 Homogeneou 1 Introduction2 Quantities of Spectroscopy 2．1 Radiometric Quantities 2．2 Measured Quantities 2．3 Local Quantities 2．3．1 Homogeneous Plasmas 2．3．2 Axially and Spherically Symmetric Plasmas 2．3．3 Plasmas Without Symmetry 2．4 Radiance of Plasmas with Re—Absorption3 Spectroscopic Instruments 3．1 C；eneral Considerations 3．2 Dispersing Elements 3．2．1 Prisms 3．2．2 Gratings 3．2．3 Crystals 3．2．4 Interferometers 3．3 Windows，F(xiàn)ilters，Mirrors，Optics 3．3．1 Windows 3．3．2 Filters 3．3．3 Mirrors 3．3．4 Optics 3．4 Spectrometer Designs 3．4．1 Prism Spectrometers 3．4．2 Spectrometers with a Plane Grating． 3．4．3 Spectrometers with a Concave Grating． 3．4．4 Spectrometers with Transmission Grating 3．4．5 Crystal Spectrometers． 3．4．6 Interterfometric Spectrometers 3．5 Alignment and ADDaratus Function4 Detectors 4．1 General Properties 4．2 Photoemissive Detectors 4．2．1 Photocells 4．2．2 Photomultipliers 4．2．3 Channel Photomultipliers and Microchannel P1ates 4．3 Semiconductor Detectors 4．3．1 Photoconductors 4．3．2 Photodiodes 4．3．3 Array Detectors 4．4 Photoionization Detectors 4．4．1 Ionization Chambers 4．4．2 Proportional Chambers 4．4．3 Multiwire Proportional Chambers 4．4．4 Gas Amplification Detectors 4．5 Miscellaneous Detectors5 Calibration 5．1Wavelength Calibration 5．2 Sensitivity Calibration 5．2．1 Some General Considerations 5．2．2 UV to Near—Infrared 5．2．3 Vacuum-Ultraviolet 5．2．4 X—ray Region6 Radiative Processes in Plasmas 6．1 Overview 6．2 Line Radiation 6．2．1 Emission and Absorption by Atoms and Ions 6．2．2 Emission by Molecules 6．2．3 Theoretical Considerations and Scaling Laws 6．3 Continuum Radiation 6．3．1 Recombination Radiation and Photoionization 6．3．2 Bremsstrahlung 6．3．3 Negative Ion and Molecular Continua 6．3．4 Rate Coefficients for Radiative Recombination7 Collisional Processes 7．1Introductory Remarks 7．2 Collisional Excitation and Deexcitation by Electron Impacts 7．3 Electron Impact Ionization and Three—Body Recombination 7．4 Dielectronic Recombination and Autoionization 7．5 Charge Exchange Processes 7．6 Ion and Atom Impact Excitation and Ionization8 Kinetics of the Population of Atomic Levels in Plasmas 8．1 Introductory Re：marks 8．2 Thermodynamic Equilibrium Re!lations 8．3 Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium 8．4 Corona Equilibrium 8．5 Collisional Radiative Models9 Line Broadening 9．1 Profile Functions 9．2 Broadening Mechanisms 9．2．1 Natural Broadening 9．2．2 Doppler Broadening 9．2．3 Pressure Broadening by Neutral Particles． 9．2．4 Stark Broadening 9．2．5 Effects of Collective Fields 9．2．6 Magnetic Field Effects 9．2．7 Broadening due to Self-Absorption10 Diagnostic Applications 10．1 verification of Atomic Data． 10．2 Measurements of Particle Densities 10．2．1 Particle Densities from Line Emission 10．2．2 Particle Densities Employing Injected Fast Beams 10．2．3 Density of Molecules 10．2．4 Actinometry 10．2．5 Particle Densities from Absorption Measurements 10．2．6 Ratio of Particle Densities from the Spectra of Helium-like Ions 10．3 Temperature Measurements 10．3．1 Atom，Molecule，and Ion Temperature 10．3．2 Electron Temperature 10．4 Measurements of the Electron Density 10．4．1 Electron Densities from Line Profiles 10．4．2 Electron Densities from the Ratio of Lines 10．4．3 Electron Densities from the Continuum Emission at LongWavelengths 10．4．4 Electron Densities from Other SpectroscopicCIbservations 10．5 Electric and Magnetic Field Measurements 10．5．1 Magnetic Fields 10．5．2 Electric FieldsA Appendix A．1 List of SymbolsB Appendix B．1 Data CentersC Appendix C．1Atomic Constants and Quantities C．2 Some Atomic RelationsReferencesIndex