《英美歷史文化概況（英文版）/展望（Prospect）全國(guó)高等院校英語(yǔ)專業(yè)系列精品教材》從不同方面向中國(guó)學(xué)生介紹了世界上主要的兩個(gè)英語(yǔ)國(guó)家——英國(guó)和美國(guó)的歷史與文化現(xiàn)象。
《英美歷史文化概況（英文版）/展望（Prospect）全國(guó)高等院校英語(yǔ)專業(yè)系列精品教材》共分兩個(gè)篇章，分別是英國(guó)篇和美國(guó)篇，這兩個(gè)篇章又分別包含10個(gè)章節(jié)，即涵蓋了英美兩國(guó)歷史上的重大時(shí)期，如工業(yè)革命、世界大戰(zhàn)、經(jīng)濟(jì)大蕭條等，又涉及兩國(guó)文化的方方面面；宏觀方面涵蓋了領(lǐng)土與環(huán)境、政體、法律、節(jié)慶日、黑人奴隸制、宗教與信仰等，微觀方面則包含了文學(xué)、藝術(shù)、教育、音樂(lè)、電影、科技、城市等大量?jī)?nèi)容，可謂是英美兩國(guó)歷史文化的一部縮影。
British History and Culture
Chapter 1 Geography， Climate and People
Section 1 Geography
Section 2 Climate
Section 3 People
Supplementary Reading
Chapter 2 History
Section 1 The Origin and History of the UK
Section 2 Industrial Revolution
Section 3 The Fall of the Empire
Supplementary Reading
Chapter 3 Political System
Section 1 Government
Section 2 Political Parties
Supplementary Reading
Chapter 4 Legal System—Laws and Rules
Section 1 Three legal systems
Section 2 The Constitution of the United Kingdom
Supplementary Reading
Chapter 5 Economy and Welfare
Section 1 Economy
Section 2 Welfare
Supplementary Reading
Chapter 6 Education and Media
Section 1 Education
Section 2 Media
Supplementary Reading
Chapter 7 Literature
Section 1 British Literature
Section 2 Shakespeare
Supplementary Reading
Chapter 8 Religion and Belief
Section 1 Anglicanism—the State Religion of Britain
Section 2 Christianity
Supplementary Reading
Chapter 9 Traditions and Customs
Section 1 Holidays and Festivals
Section 2 Traditions and Customs
Supplementary Reading
Chapter 10 Major Cities and Scenic Spots
Section 1 Major Cities
Section 2 Scenic Spots and Historical Sites
Supplementary Reading
American History and Culture
Chapter 1 Territory， Climate and Environment
Section 1 Territory and Climate
Section 2 Extremes and Natural Disasters in U.S.A
Supplementary Reading
Chapter 2 Origin and History
Section 1 Birth and Development of the United States of America
Section 2 The Road to Independence （1763—1783）
Supplementary Reading
Chapter 3 Government， Political Parties and Legal System
Section 1 American Government
Section 2 American Political Parties
Section 3 The Law of the United States
Supplementary Reading
Chapter 4 Economy
Section 1 The Freedom of American Economy
Section 2 The Great Depression and the New Deal
Supplementary Reading
Chapter 5 Religions and Faith
Section 1 Freedom of Religion： Separating Church and State
Section 2 Puritans in the North America
Supplementary Reading
Chapter 6 Education and Sports
Section 1 Ivy League Schools versus State Schools
Section 2 The National Basketball Association
Supplementary Reading
Chapter 7 Literature and Arts
Section 1 The Development of American Literature
Section 2 Diversified Music and Dances
Supplementary Reading
Chapter 8 Science and Technology
Section 1 Advanced Science and Technology of the United States
Section 2 Lyndon B.Johnson Space Center
Supplementary Reading
Chapter 9 Famous Cities and Sightseeing
Section 1 New York City
Section 2 A Tribute ： Yellowstone National Park
Supplementary Reading
Chapter 10 American Black
Section 1 African Americans
Section 2 Black Power & Black Pride
Supplementary Reading
參考文獻(xiàn)
English law
"English law" is a term of art. It refers to the legal system administered by the courts in England and Wales, which rule on both civil and criminal matters. English law is renowned as being the mother of the common law, and is based on those principles. English law can be described as having its own distinct legal doctrine, distinct from civil law legal systems since 11 89.
There has been no major codification of the law, and subject to statute, the law is developed by judges in court, applying statute, precedent and common sense to the facts before them, to give explanatory judgments of the relevant legal principles, which are reported and binding in future similar cases. In the early centuries, the justices and judges were responsible for adapting the Writsystem to meet everyday needs, applying a mixture of precedent and common sense to build up a body of internally consistent law, e.g., the Law Merchant began in the Pie-Powder Courts see Court of Piepowder （a corruption of the French "pieds-poudres" or "dusty feet", meaning ad hoc marketplace courts）. As Parliament developed in strength and, subject to the doctrine of separation of powers, legislation gradually overtook judicial law-making, so that today judges are only able to innovate in certain very narrowly-defined areas. T;me before 1189 was defined in 1276 as being time immemorial.
The courts of England and Wales are headed by the Senior Courts of England and Wales, consisting of the Court of Appeal, the High Court of Justice （for civil cases） and the Crown Court （for criminal cases）. The Supreme Court is the highest court in the land for both criminal and civil appeal cases in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland and any decision it makes is binding on every other court in the same jurisdiction, and ofien has persuasive effect in its other jurisdictions. On appeal, a court may overrule the decisions of its inferior courts, such as county courts （civil） and magistrates' courts （criminal）. The High Court may also quash on judicial review both administrative decisions of the Government and delegated legislation. The ultimate body of appeal for all criminal and civil cases in England and Wales （and Northern Ireland, and for all civil cases in Scots law） is the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom, which took over this function from the Appellate Committee of the House of Lords （usually just referred to as "The House of Lords"） in October 2009.
After the Acts of Union, in 1 707 English law became one of two legal systems in different parts of the same, united, kingdom and has been influenced by Scots law, most notably in the development and integration of the law merchant by Lord Mansfield and in time the development of the law of negligence. Scottish influence may have influenced the abolition of the forms of action in the nineteenth century and extensive procedural reforms in the twentieth. Northern Irish legal system The law of Northern Ireland is a common law system. It is administered by the courts of Northern Ireland, with ultimate appeal to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom in both civil and criminal matters. The law of Northern Ireland is closely similar to English law, the rules of common law having been imported into the Kingdom of Ireland under English rule. However there are still important differences.
The sources of the law of Northern Ireland are English common law, and statute law. Of the latter, statutes of the Parliaments of Ireland, of the United Kingdom and of Northern Ireland are in force, and latterly statutes of the devolved Assembly. The courts of Northern Ireland are headed by the Court of Judicature of Northern Ireland, consisting of the Northern Ireland Court of Appeal, the Northern Ireland High Court of Justice and the Northern Ireland Crown Court. Below that are county courts and magistrates' courts.
Scots law
Scots law is a unique legal system with an ancient basis in Roman law. Grounded in uncodified civil law dating back to the Corpus juris Civi/is, it also features elements of common law with medieval sources. Thus Scotland has a pluralistic, or 'mixed', legal system, comparable to that of South Africa, and, to a lesser degree, the partly codified pluralistic systems of Louisiana and Quebec. Since the Acts of Union, in 1707, it has shared a legislature with the rest of the United Kingdom. Scotland and England & Wales each retained fundamentally different legal systems, but the Union brought English influence on Scots law and vice versa. In recent years Scots law has also been affected by both European law under the Treaty of Rome and the establishment of the Scottish Parliament which may pass legislation within its areas of legislative competence as detailed by the Scotland Act 1998.
The chief courts are the Court of Session, for civil cases, and the High Court of Justiciary, for criminal cases. The Supreme Court of the United Kingdom serves as the highest court of appeal for civil cases under Scots law, with leave to appeal from the Court of Session not required as a general rule. Sheriff courts deal with most civil and criminal cases including conducting criminal trials with a jury, known as sheriff solemn court, or with a sheriff and no jury, known as sheriff summary Court. The sheriff courts provide a local court service with 49 sheriff courts organised across six sheriffdoms. The Scots legal system is unique in having three possible verdicts for a criminal trial: "guilty", "not guilty" and "not proven". Both "not guilty" and "not proven" result in an acquittal with no possibility of retrial.
The Cabinet Secretary for Justice is the member of the Scottish Government responsible for the police, the courts and criminal justice, and the Scottish Prison Service, which manages the prisons in Scotland. Though the level of recorded crime in 2007/08 has fallen to the lowest for 25 years, the prison population, at over 8,000, is hitting record levels and is well above design capacity.
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