There are a number of other qualities that leaders oftenpossess but which appear to be less essential.Intelligence isone.Certainly the"best and the brightest"are often in a position ofleadership.But many leaders are not the most intell'igentpeople，Nor does it appear crucial that leaders have technicalproficiency in the work performed by their organizations，thoughmany do.Finally，Ieadership is sometimes defined in terms ofdecision making，but some effective leaders have avoided decisionswhenever possible，
　　Exceptional Public Administrators
　　In view of the generality of contemporary knowledge aboutleadership，some have sought to learn more by studying theorganizational careers of individuals who were exceptionallysuccessful public administrative leaders.For instance，EugeneLewis's book Public Entrepreneursbip： Toward a Tbeory ofBureaucratic Political Power（1984）considers in depththe"organizational lives"of Hyman Rickover，J.Edgar Hoover，andRobert Moses.These men were eccentric in many respects，but Lewisfound some comm　　on keys to their leadership.
　　First，each saw organizations as tools for the achievement of hisgoals.These goals were not simply rising to the top but ratheraccomplishing some thing substantive through theorganization.Hoover thoroughly improved the Federal Bureau ofInvestigation（FBI），Rickover brought the U.S.Navy into the atomicage by demonstrating the desirability and feasibility of submarinesdriven by nuclear power，and Moses pursued his vision of the publicgood by building parks and improving transportation in the greaterNew York City area.
　　Second，Lewis finds that"the（highly successful）public entrepreneurtyp ically 'owns' all or some of the reality premises of thesociety in one or more areas of specialized concern."27 Suchentrepreneurs dominate media accounts，legislative hearings，andvarious meetings pertinent to their area of specialization andinterest，In this way，the leader comes to"own"some aspect of publicpolicy.Hoover"owned"statistics pertaining tocrime，Rickover"owned"nuclear power in the Navy，and Moses"owned"theconstruction of parks and bridges in metropolitan New York.

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