第 1 篇 初識編程
第 1 章 編程體驗(yàn) ........................................................................................................................... 2
1.1 控制臺程序 ........................................................................................................................ 2
1.1.1 構(gòu)建開發(fā)環(huán)境 ........................................................................................................ 2
1.1.2 命令行構(gòu)建 .NET 應(yīng)用 ......................................................................................... 3
1.2 ASP.NET 應(yīng)用 .................................................................................................................... 8
1.2.1 launchSettings.json ................................................................................................. 8
1.2.2 Minimal API ......................................................................................................... 11
1.2.3 中間件 ................................................................................................................. 13
1.2.4 配置選項(xiàng) .............................................................................................................. 17
1.2.5 診斷日志 .............................................................................................................. 19
1.2.6 路由 ..................................................................................................................... 20
1.3 MVC ................................................................................................................................ 21
1.3.1 定義 Controller ..................................................................................................... 21
1.3.2 引入視圖 .............................................................................................................. 22
1.4 gRPC ................................................................................................................................ 24
1.4.1 定義服務(wù) .............................................................................................................. 24
1.4.2 實(shí)現(xiàn)和承載 .......................................................................................................... 26
1.4.3 調(diào)用服務(wù) .............................................................................................................. 28
1.5 Dapr.................................................................................................................................. 29
1.5.1 構(gòu)建開發(fā)環(huán)境 ...................................................................................................... 29
1.5.2 服務(wù)調(diào)用 .............................................................................................................. 30
1.5.3 狀態(tài)管理 .............................................................................................................. 34
1.5.4 發(fā)布訂閱 .............................................................................................................. 38
1.5.5 Actor 模型 ............................................................................................................ 40
第 2 篇 基礎(chǔ)框架
第 2 章 依賴注入（上） ............................................................................................................. 44
2.1 控制反轉(zhuǎn) .......................................................................................................................... 44
2.1.1 流程控制的反轉(zhuǎn) .................................................................................................. 44
2.1.2 好萊塢法則 .......................................................................................................... 47
2.1.3 流程定制 .............................................................................................................. 47
2.2 IoC 模式 ........................................................................................................................... 48
2.2.1 模板方法 .............................................................................................................. 48
2.2.2 工廠方法 .............................................................................................................. 49
2.2.3 抽象工廠 .............................................................................................................. 51
2.3 依賴注入 .......................................................................................................................... 53
2.3.1 由容器提供對象 .................................................................................................. 53
2.3.2 3 種注入方式 ....................................................................................................... 55
2.3.3 Service Locator 模式 ............................................................................................ 57
2.4 一個(gè)簡易版的依賴注入容器 ............................................................................................ 59
2.4.1 編程體驗(yàn) .............................................................................................................. 59
2.4.2 設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn) .......................................................................................................... 63
2.4.3 擴(kuò)展方法 .............................................................................................................. 69
第 3 章 依賴注入（下） ............................................................................................................. 73
3.1 利用容器提供服務(wù) ........................................................................................................... 73
3.1.1 服務(wù)的注冊與消費(fèi) ............................................................................................... 73
3.1.2 生命周期 .............................................................................................................. 76
3.1.3 服務(wù)注冊的驗(yàn)證 .................................................................................................. 79
3.2 服務(wù)注冊 .......................................................................................................................... 82
3.2.1 ServiceDescriptor .................................................................................................. 82
3.2.2 IServiceCollection ................................................................................................. 83
3.3 服務(wù)的消費(fèi) ...................................................................................................................... 87
3.3.1 IServiceProvider ................................................................................................... 87
3.3.2 服務(wù)實(shí)例的創(chuàng)建 .................................................................................................. 89
3.3.3 生命周期 .............................................................................................................. 91
3.3.4 ActivatorUtilities .................................................................................................. 96
3.4 擴(kuò)展................................................................................................................................ 101
3.4.1 適配 ................................................................................................................... 101
3.4.2 IServiceProviderFactory＜TContainerBuilder＞ ..................................................... 102
3.4.3 整合第三方依賴注入框架 ................................................................................. 102
第 4 章 文件系統(tǒng) ....................................................................................................................... 107
4.1 抽象的文件系統(tǒng) ............................................................................................................. 107
4.1.1 樹形層次結(jié)構(gòu) .................................................................................................... 107
4.1.2 讀取文件內(nèi)容 .................................................................................................... 109
4.1.3 監(jiān)控文件的變化 ................................................................................................ 111
4.2 文件與目錄 .................................................................................................................... 112
4.2.1 IChangeToken ..................................................................................................... 113
4.2.2 IFileProvider ....................................................................................................... 114
4.2.3 兩個(gè)特殊的文件系統(tǒng) ......................................................................................... 116
4.3 物理文件系統(tǒng) ................................................................................................................ 119
4.3.1 PhysicalFileInfo .................................................................................................. 119
4.3.2 PhysicalDirectoryInfo ......................................................................................... 120
4.3.3 PhysicalDirectoryContents .................................................................................. 120
4.3.4 NotFoundDirectoryContents ............................................................................... 121
4.3.5 PhysicalFilesWatcher .......................................................................................... 121
4.4 內(nèi)嵌文件系統(tǒng) ................................................................................................................ 123
4.4.1 將項(xiàng)目文件變成內(nèi)嵌資源 ................................................................................. 123
4.4.2 讀取資源文件 .................................................................................................... 124
4.4.3 EmbeddedFileProvider ........................................................................................ 125
第 5 章 配置選項(xiàng)（上） ........................................................................................................... 128
5.1 讀取配置信息 ................................................................................................................ 128
5.1.1 編程模型三要素 ................................................................................................ 128
5.1.2 以“鍵-值”對的形式讀取配置 ........................................................................ 129
5.1.3 讀取結(jié)構(gòu)化的配置 ............................................................................................ 130
5.1.4 將結(jié)構(gòu)化配置直接綁定為對象 .......................................................................... 133
5.1.5 將配置定義在文件中 ......................................................................................... 133
5.1.6 根據(jù)環(huán)境動(dòng)態(tài)加載配置文件 ............................................................................. 134
5.1.7 配置內(nèi)容的同步 ................................................................................................ 136
5.2 配置模型 ........................................................................................................................ 137
5.2.1 數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)構(gòu)及其轉(zhuǎn)換 ............................................................................................. 137
5.2.2 IConfiguration .................................................................................................... 138
5.2.3 IConfigurationProvider ....................................................................................... 140
5.2.4 IConfigurationSource .......................................................................................... 142
5.2.5 IConfigurationBuilder ......................................................................................... 143
5.2.6 ConfigurationManager ........................................................................................ 143
5.3 配置綁定 ........................................................................................................................ 144
5.3.1 綁定配置項(xiàng)的值 ................................................................................................ 145
5.3.2 綁定復(fù)合對象 .................................................................................................... 147
5.3.3 綁定集合 ............................................................................................................ 149
5.3.4 綁定字典 ............................................................................................................ 151
5.4 配置的同步 .................................................................................................................... 152
5.4.1 配置數(shù)據(jù)流 ........................................................................................................ 152
5.4.2 ConfigurationReloadToken .................................................................................. 153
5.4.3 ConfigurationRoot .............................................................................................. 153
5.4.4 ConfigurationSection .......................................................................................... 156
5.5 多樣性的配置源 ............................................................................................................. 157
5.5.1 MemoryConfigurationSource .............................................................................. 157
5.5.2 EnvironmentVariablesConfigurationSource ......................................................... 158
5.5.3 CommandLineConfigurationSource .................................................................... 160
5.5.4 FileConfigurationSource ..................................................................................... 163
5.5.5 StreamConfigurationSource ................................................................................ 173
5.5.6 ChainedConfigurationSource ............................................................................... 175
第 6 章 配置選項(xiàng)（下） ........................................................................................................... 177
6.1 Options 模式 ................................................................................................................... 177
6.1.1 將配置綁定為 Options 對象 ............................................................................... 177
6.1.2 提供具名的 Options ........................................................................................... 179
6.1.3 配置源的同步 .................................................................................................... 180
6.1.4 直接初始化 Options 對象 ................................................................................... 182
6.1.5 根據(jù)依賴服務(wù)的 Options 設(shè)置 ........................................................................... 184
6.1.6 驗(yàn)證 Options 的有效性 ...................................................................................... 186
6.2 Options 模型 ................................................................................................................... 187
6.2.1 OptionsManager＜TOptions＞ ............................................................................... 187
6.2.2 IOptionsFactory＜TOptions＞ ............................................................................... 189
6.2.3 IOptionsMonitorCache＜TOptions＞ ..................................................................... 197
6.2.4 IOptionsMonitor＜TOptions＞ ............................................................................... 198
6.3 依賴注入 ........................................................................................................................ 200
6.3.1 服務(wù)注冊 ............................................................................................................ 200
6.3.2 IOptions＜TOptions＞與 IOptionsSnapshot＜TOptions＞ ......................................... 206
6.3.3 集成配置系統(tǒng) .................................................................................................... 208
第 7 章 診斷日志（上） ........................................................................................................... 210
7.1 各種診斷日志形式 ......................................................................................................... 210
7.1.1 調(diào)試日志 ............................................................................................................ 210
7.1.2 跟蹤日志 ............................................................................................................ 211
7.1.3 事件日志 ............................................................................................................ 213
7.1.4 診斷日志 ............................................................................................................ 216
7.2 Debugger 調(diào)試日志 ........................................................................................................ 219
7.2.1 Debugger ............................................................................................................ 220
7.2.2 Debug ................................................................................................................. 221
7.3 TraceSource 跟蹤日志 .................................................................................................... 222
7.3.1 跟蹤日志模型三要素 ......................................................................................... 222
7.3.2 預(yù)定義 TraceListener .......................................................................................... 231
7.3.3 Trace .................................................................................................................. 235
7.4 EventSource 事件日志 .................................................................................................... 237
7.4.1 EventSource ....................................................................................................... 237
7.4.2 EventListener ...................................................................................................... 243
7.4.3 活動(dòng)跟蹤 ............................................................................................................ 247
7.5 DiagnosticSource 診斷日志 ............................................................................................ 251
7.5.1 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的觀察者模式 ............................................................................................ 251
7.5.2 AnonymousObserver＜T＞ .................................................................................... 253
7.5.3 強(qiáng)類型的日志事件訂閱 ..................................................................................... 256
7.5.4 針對活動(dòng)的跟蹤 ................................................................................................ 258
第 8 章 診斷日志（中） ........................................................................................................... 260
8.1 統(tǒng)一日志編程模式 ......................................................................................................... 260
8.1.1 日志輸出 ............................................................................................................ 260
8.1.2 日志過濾 ............................................................................................................ 265
8.1.3 日志范圍 ............................................................................................................ 271
8.1.4 LoggerMessage ................................................................................................... 273
8.2 日志模型詳解 ................................................................................................................ 274
8.2.1 日志模型三要素 ................................................................................................ 274
8.2.2 ILogger ............................................................................................................... 275
8.2.3 ILoggerProvider .................................................................................................. 277
8.2.4 ILoggerFactory ................................................................................................... 277
8.2.5 LoggerMessage ................................................................................................... 281
8.3 日志范圍 ........................................................................................................................ 283
8.3.1 調(diào)用鏈跟蹤 ........................................................................................................ 283
8.3.2 服務(wù)范圍堆棧 .................................................................................................... 294
8.3.3 Activity 的應(yīng)用 .................................................................................................. 296
8.4 依賴注入 ........................................................................................................................ 297
8.4.1 核心服務(wù) ............................................................................................................ 298
8.4.2 配置 ................................................................................................................... 300
8.4.3 日志過濾規(guī)則 .................................................................................................... 303
第 9 章 診斷日志（下） ........................................................................................................... 306
9.1 控制臺 ............................................................................................................................ 306
9.1.1 ConsoleFormatter ................................................................................................ 306
9.1.2 ConsoleLogger .................................................................................................... 313
9.1.3 ConsoleLoggerProvider ....................................................................................... 315
9.1.4 服務(wù)注冊 ............................................................................................................ 316
9.2 調(diào)試器 ............................................................................................................................ 321
9.2.1 DebugLogger ...................................................................................................... 322
9.2.2 DebugLoggerProvider ......................................................................................... 323
9.3 TraceSource 日志 ............................................................................................................ 323
9.3.1 TraceSourceLogger ............................................................................................. 323
9.3.2 TraceSourceLoggerProvider ................................................................................ 325
9.4 EventSource 日志 ........................................................................................................... 327
9.4.1 LoggingEventSource ........................................................................................... 327
9.4.2 EventSourceLogger............................................................................................. 328
9.4.3 EventSourceLoggerProvider ............................................................................... 332
9.4.4 日志范圍 ............................................................................................................ 334
第 10 章 對象池 ......................................................................................................................... 338
10.1 利用對象池復(fù)用對象 ................................................................................................... 338
10.1.1 對象的“借”與“還” ................................................................................... 338
10.1.2 依賴注入 .......................................................................................................... 340
10.1.3 池化對象策略 .................................................................................................. 340
10.1.4 對象池的大小 .................................................................................................. 341
10.1.5 對象的釋放 ...................................................................................................... 344
10.2 池化對象管理 .............................................................................................................. 345
10.2.1 IPooledObjectPolicy＜T＞ ................................................................................... 345
10.2.2 ObjectPool＜T＞ ................................................................................................. 346
10.2.3 ObjectPoolProvider ........................................................................................... 351
10.3 擴(kuò)展應(yīng)用 ...................................................................................................................... 352
10.3.1 池化集合 .......................................................................................................... 352
10.3.2 池化 StringBuilder ............................................................................................ 354
10.3.3 ArrayPool＜T＞ ................................................................................................... 356
10.3.4 MemoryPool＜T＞ .............................................................................................. 357
第 11 章 緩存 ............................................................................................................................. 359
11.1 將數(shù)據(jù)緩存起來 ........................................................................................................... 359
11.1.1 將數(shù)據(jù)緩存在內(nèi)存中 ....................................................................................... 359
11.1.2 將數(shù)據(jù)緩存在 Redis 中 .................................................................................... 360
11.1.3 將數(shù)據(jù)緩存在 SQL Server 中 ........................................................................... 363
11.2 本地內(nèi)存緩存 ............................................................................................................... 365
11.2.1 ICacheEntry ...................................................................................................... 365
11.2.2 MemoryCacheEntryOptions .............................................................................. 368
11.2.3 IMemoryCache ................................................................................................. 369
11.3 分布式緩存 .................................................................................................................. 378
11.3.1 IDistributedCache ............................................................................................. 378
11.3.2 Redis 緩存 ........................................................................................................ 379
11.3.3 SQL Server 緩存 ............................................................................................... 382
第 12 章 HTTP 調(diào)用 ................................................................................................................. 385
12.1 HttpClient 的工廠 ......................................................................................................... 385
12.1.1 手動(dòng)創(chuàng)建 HttpClient ......................................................................................... 385
12.1.2 使用 IHttpClientFactory 工廠 ........................................................................... 387
12.1.3 直接注入 HttpClient ......................................................................................... 387
12.1.4 定制 HttpClient................................................................................................. 388
12.1.5 強(qiáng)類型客戶端 .................................................................................................. 389
12.1.6 失敗重試 .......................................................................................................... 390
12.2 HttpMessageHandler 管道 ............................................................................................. 391
12.2.1 HttpMessageHandler ......................................................................................... 391
12.2.2 DelegatingHandler ............................................................................................ 392
12.2.3 診斷日志 .......................................................................................................... 396
12.2.4 復(fù)用 HttpClientHandler .................................................................................... 398
12.3 HttpClient 的構(gòu)建 ......................................................................................................... 400
12.3.1 HttpMessageHandlerBuilder ............................................................................. 400
12.3.2 HttpClientFactoryOptions ................................................................................. 401
12.3.3 IHttpMessageHandlerBuilderFilter .................................................................... 407
12.3.4 IHttpClientFactory ............................................................................................ 408
12.4 依賴注入 ...................................................................................................................... 418
12.4.1 基礎(chǔ)服務(wù)注冊 .................................................................................................. 418
12.4.2 定制 HttpClient................................................................................................. 420
12.4.3 強(qiáng)類型客戶端 .................................................................................................. 424
第 13 章 數(shù)據(jù)保護(hù) ..................................................................................................................... 430
13.1 加密與哈希 .................................................................................................................. 430
13.1.1 數(shù)據(jù)加密與解密............................................................................................... 430
13.1.2 設(shè)置加密內(nèi)容的有效期 ................................................................................... 433
13.1.3 撤銷密鑰 .......................................................................................................... 434
13.1.4 “瞬時(shí)”加解密............................................................................................... 435
13.1.5 密碼哈希 .......................................................................................................... 437
13.2 加密模型 ...................................................................................................................... 438
13.2.1 IAuthenticatedEncryptor ................................................................................... 438
13.2.2 IKey ................................................................................................................. 439
13.2.3 IKeyRing .......................................................................................................... 440
13.2.4 IKeyRingProvider ............................................................................................. 442
13.2.5 IDataProtector ................................................................................................... 443
13.3 密鑰管理 ...................................................................................................................... 452
13.3.1 KeyManagementOptions ................................................................................... 452
13.3.2 Key ................................................................................................................... 457
13.3.3 IKeyManager .................................................................................................... 459
13.3.4 KeyRingProvider .............................................................................................. 465
13.4 依賴注入 ...................................................................................................................... 472
13.4.1 注冊基礎(chǔ)服務(wù) .................................................................................................. 472
13.4.2 密鑰管理配置 .................................................................................................. 477
13.4.3 擴(kuò)展配置 .......................................................................................................... 478
附錄 A ........................................................................................................................................... 482
第 3 篇 承載系統(tǒng)
第 14 章 服務(wù)承載 ..................................................................................................................... 488
14.1 服務(wù)承載 ...................................................................................................................... 488
14.1.1 性能指標(biāo)收集服務(wù) ........................................................................................... 488
14.1.2 依賴注入 .......................................................................................................... 490
14.1.3 配置選項(xiàng) .......................................................................................................... 493
14.1.4 承載環(huán)境 .......................................................................................................... 496
14.1.5 日志 ................................................................................................................. 498
14.2 服務(wù)承載模型 .............................................................................................................. 500
14.2.1 IHostedService .................................................................................................. 500
14.2.2 IHost ................................................................................................................ 501
14.2.3 IHostBuilder ..................................................................................................... 506
14.3 服務(wù)承載流程 .............................................................................................................. 511
14.3.1 服務(wù)宿主 .......................................................................................................... 512
14.3.2 服務(wù)承載設(shè)置 .................................................................................................. 516
14.3.3 創(chuàng)建宿主 .......................................................................................................... 521
14.3.4 靜態(tài)類型 Host .................................................................................................. 527
第 15 章 應(yīng)用承載（上） ......................................................................................................... 531
15.1 管道式的請求處理 ....................................................................................................... 531
15.1.1 承載方式的變遷 .............................................................................................. 531
15.1.2 中間件.............................................................................................................. 536
15.1.3 定義強(qiáng)類型中間件 ........................................................................................... 539
15.1.4 按照約定定義中間件 ....................................................................................... 540
15.2 依賴注入 ...................................................................................................................... 542
15.2.1 服務(wù)注冊 .......................................................................................................... 542
15.2.2 服務(wù)注入 .......................................................................................................... 544
15.2.3 生命周期 .......................................................................................................... 546
15.3 配置 .............................................................................................................................. 551
15.3.1 初始化配置 ...................................................................................................... 551
15.3.2 以“鍵-值”對形式讀取和修改配置 ............................................................... 552
15.3.3 注冊配置源 ...................................................................................................... 553
15.4 承載環(huán)境 ...................................................................................................................... 554
15.4.1 IWebHostEnvironment ...................................................................................... 554
15.4.2 通過配置定制承載環(huán)境 ................................................................................... 556
15.4.3 設(shè)置監(jiān)聽地址 .................................................................................................. 559
15.4.4 針對環(huán)境的編程............................................................................................... 560
第 16 章 應(yīng)用承載（中） ......................................................................................................... 564
16.1 中間件委托鏈 ............................................................................................................... 564
16.1.1 HttpContext ...................................................................................................... 564
16.1.2 中間件 .............................................................................................................. 565
16.1.3 中間件管道的構(gòu)建 ........................................................................................... 566
16.2 服務(wù)器 .......................................................................................................................... 567
16.2.1 IServer .............................................................................................................. 568
16.2.2 針對服務(wù)器的適配 ........................................................................................... 568
16.2.3 HttpListenerServer ............................................................................................ 570
16.3 承載服務(wù) ...................................................................................................................... 573
16.3.1 WebHostedService ............................................................................................ 573
16.3.2 WebHostBuilder ................................................................................................ 573
16.3.3 應(yīng)用構(gòu)建 .......................................................................................................... 575
第 17 章 應(yīng)用承載（下） ......................................................................................................... 577
17.1 共享上下文對象 ........................................................................................................... 577
17.1.1 HttpContext ...................................................................................................... 577
17.1.2 服務(wù)器適配 ...................................................................................................... 580
17.1.3 獲取上下文對象 .............................................................................................. 583
17.1.4 上下文對象的創(chuàng)建與釋放 ............................................................................... 584
17.1.5 RequestServices ................................................................................................ 585
17.2 IServer + IHttpApplication ............................................................................................ 587
17.2.1 IServer .............................................................................................................. 588
17.2.2 HostingApplication ........................................................................................... 588
17.2.3 診斷日志 .......................................................................................................... 591
17.3 中間件委托鏈 .............................................................................................................. 596
17.3.1 IApplicationBuilder .......................................................................................... 596
17.3.2 弱類型中間件 .................................................................................................. 599
17.3.3 強(qiáng)類型中間件 .................................................................................................. 602
17.3.4 注冊中間件 ...................................................................................................... 604
17.4 應(yīng)用的承載 .................................................................................................................. 604
17.4.1 GenericWebHostServiceOptions ........................................................................ 604
17.4.2 GenericWebHostService .................................................................................... 607
17.4.3 GenericWebHostBuilder .................................................................................... 609
17.4.4 ConfigureWebHostDefaults ............................................................................... 617
17.5 Minimal API ................................................................................................................. 619
17.5.1 WebApplication ................................................................................................ 620
17.5.2 WebApplication 的創(chuàng)建 .................................................................................... 622
17.5.3 工廠方法 .......................................................................................................... 631
第 4 篇 服務(wù)器概述
第 18 章 服務(wù)器 ......................................................................................................................... 634
18.1 自定義服務(wù)器 .............................................................................................................. 634
18.1.1 IServer .............................................................................................................. 634
18.1.2 請求和響應(yīng)特性 .............................................................................................. 637
18.1.3 StreamBodyFeature ........................................................................................... 638
18.1.4 HttpListenerServer ............................................................................................ 638
18.2 KestrelServer ................................................................................................................ 642
18.2.1 注冊終節(jié)點(diǎn) ...................................................................................................... 642
18.2.2 限制約束 .......................................................................................................... 652
18.2.3 其他設(shè)置 .......................................................................................................... 655
18.2.4 設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn) ...................................................................................................... 655
18.3 HTTP.SYS .................................................................................................................... 668
18.3.1 HTTP.SYS 簡介 ................................................................................................ 668
18.3.2 UseHttpSys ....................................................................................................... 669
18.3.3 HttpSysOptions ................................................................................................. 669
18.4 IIS ................................................................................................................................. 672
18.4.1 ASP.NET Core Module ..................................................................................... 672
18.4.2 In-Process 部署模式 ......................................................................................... 672
18.4.3 Out-of-Process 部署模式 .................................................................................. 675
18.4.4 ＜aspnetcore＞配置 ............................................................................................. 678
第 5 篇 中間件
第 19 章 靜態(tài)文件 ..................................................................................................................... 682
19.1 搭建文件服務(wù)器 ........................................................................................................... 682
19.1.1 發(fā)布物理文件 .................................................................................................. 682
19.1.2 呈現(xiàn)目錄結(jié)構(gòu) .................................................................................................. 684
19.1.3 顯示默認(rèn)頁面 .................................................................................................. 685
19.1.4 映射媒體類型 .................................................................................................. 688
19.2 處理文件請求 ............................................................................................................... 690
19.2.1 條件請求 .......................................................................................................... 690
19.2.2 區(qū)間請求 .......................................................................................................... 694
19.2.3 StaticFileMiddleware ........................................................................................ 696
19.3 處理目錄請求 ............................................................................................................... 700
19.3.1 DirectoryBrowserMiddleware ........................................................................... 700
19.3.2 DefaultFilesMiddleware .................................................................................... 704
第 20 章 路由 ............................................................................................................................. 708
20.1 路由映射 ...................................................................................................................... 708
20.1.1 注冊終節(jié)點(diǎn) ...................................................................................................... 708
20.1.2 設(shè)置內(nèi)聯(lián)約束 .................................................................................................. 711
20.1.3 可缺省路由參數(shù)............................................................................................... 712
20.1.4 特殊的路由參數(shù)............................................................................................... 713
20.1.5 主機(jī)名綁定 ...................................................................................................... 715
20.1.6 更加自由的定義方式 ....................................................................................... 716
20.2 路由分發(fā) ...................................................................................................................... 717
20.2.1 路由模式 .......................................................................................................... 717
20.2.2 路由終節(jié)點(diǎn) ...................................................................................................... 722
20.2.3 中間件.............................................................................................................. 730
20.2.4 處理器適配 ...................................................................................................... 737
20.2.5 Minimal API ..................................................................................................... 746
20.3 路由約束 ...................................................................................................................... 748
20.3.1 預(yù)定義的 IRouteConstraint ............................................................................... 749
20.3.2 IInlineConstraintResolver .................................................................................. 750
20.3.3 自定義約束 ...................................................................................................... 750
第 21 章 異常處理 ..................................................................................................................... 753
21.1 呈現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤信息 .............................................................................................................. 753
21.1.1 開發(fā)者異常頁面 .............................................................................................. 753
21.1.2 定制異常頁面 .................................................................................................. 756
21.1.3 針對響應(yīng)狀態(tài)碼定制錯(cuò)誤頁面 ........................................................................ 757
21.2 開發(fā)者異常頁面 ........................................................................................................... 759
21.2.1 IDeveloperPageExceptionFilter ......................................................................... 759
21.2.2 顯示編譯異常信息 ........................................................................................... 760
21.2.3 DeveloperExceptionPageMiddleware ................................................................ 764
21.3 異常處理器 .................................................................................................................. 766
21.3.1 ExceptionHandlerMiddleware ........................................................................... 766
21.3.2 IExceptionHandlerPathFeature 特性 ................................................................. 768
21.3.3 清除緩存 .......................................................................................................... 771
21.3.4 404 響應(yīng) ........................................................................................................... 772
21.4 響應(yīng)狀態(tài)碼頁面 ........................................................................................................... 774
21.4.1 StatusCodePagesMiddleware............................................................................. 774
21.4.2 阻止處理異常 .................................................................................................. 775
21.4.3 注冊中間件 ...................................................................................................... 777
第 22 章 響應(yīng)緩存 ..................................................................................................................... 783
22.1 緩存響應(yīng)內(nèi)容 .............................................................................................................. 783
22.1.1 基于路徑的響應(yīng)緩存 ....................................................................................... 783
22.1.2 引入其他緩存維度 ........................................................................................... 785
22.1.3 緩存屏蔽 .......................................................................................................... 790
22.2 HTTP-Cache ................................................................................................................. 791
22.2.1 私有緩存和共享緩存 ....................................................................................... 792
22.2.2 響應(yīng)的提取 ...................................................................................................... 792
22.2.3 新鮮度檢驗(yàn) ...................................................................................................... 793
22.2.4 顯式緩存控制 .................................................................................................. 794
22.3 中間件 .......................................................................................................................... 795
22.3.1 緩存上下文對象............................................................................................... 795
22.3.2 緩存策略 .......................................................................................................... 796
22.3.3 緩存鍵 .............................................................................................................. 797
22.3.4 緩存的讀/寫 ..................................................................................................... 798
22.3.5 ResponseCachingMiddleware ............................................................................ 799
22.3.6 注冊中間件 ...................................................................................................... 801
第 23 章 會(huì)話 ............................................................................................................................. 803
23.1 利用會(huì)話保留“語境” ............................................................................................... 803
23.1.1 設(shè)置和提取會(huì)話狀態(tài) ....................................................................................... 803
23.1.2 查看存儲的會(huì)話狀態(tài) ....................................................................................... 805
23.1.3 查看 Cookie ...................................................................................................... 807
23.2 會(huì)話狀態(tài)的讀/寫 .......................................................................................................... 807
23.2.1 ISession ............................................................................................................ 808
23.2.2 DistributedSession ............................................................................................ 809
23.2.3 ISessionStore .................................................................................................... 810
23.3 會(huì)話中間件 .................................................................................................................. 811
23.3.1 SessionOptions ................................................................................................. 811
23.3.2 ISessionFeature ................................................................................................. 812
23.3.3 SessionMiddleware ........................................................................................... 812
第 24 章 HTTPS 策略 ............................................................................................................... 815
24.1 HTTPS 終節(jié)點(diǎn)的切換 .................................................................................................. 815
24.1.1 構(gòu)建 HTTPS 站點(diǎn) ............................................................................................ 815
24.1.2 HTTPS 重定向 ................................................................................................. 818
24.1.3 瀏覽器自動(dòng)重定向 ........................................................................................... 819
24.1.4 HSTS 選項(xiàng)配置 ................................................................................................ 821
24.2 HTTPS 重定向 ............................................................................................................. 823
24.2.1 HttpsRedirectionOptions ................................................................................... 823
24.2.2 HttpsRedirectionMiddleware 中間件 ................................................................ 824
24.2.3 中間件注冊 ...................................................................................................... 826
24.3 HSTS ............................................................................................................................ 827
24.3.1 HstsOptions ...................................................................................................... 827
24.3.2 HstsMiddleware 中間件 .................................................................................... 828
24.3.3 中間件注冊 ...................................................................................................... 829
第 25 章 重定向 ......................................................................................................................... 830
25.1 基于規(guī)則的重定向 ....................................................................................................... 830
25.1.1 客戶端重定向 .................................................................................................. 830
25.1.2 服務(wù)端重定向 .................................................................................................. 831
25.1.3 IIS 重寫規(guī)則 .................................................................................................... 832
25.1.4 Apache 重寫規(guī)則 ............................................................................................ 834
25.1.5 HTTPS 重定向 ................................................................................................. 836
25.2 重定向中間件 .............................................................................................................. 838
25.2.1 重定向規(guī)則 ...................................................................................................... 838
25.2.2 RewriteMiddleware ........................................................................................... 839
25.3 預(yù)定義規(guī)則 .................................................................................................................. 841
25.3.1 “萬能”規(guī)則 .................................................................................................. 841
25.3.2 客戶端重定向 .................................................................................................. 842
25.3.3 服務(wù)端重定向 .................................................................................................. 843
25.3.4 WWW 重定向 .................................................................................................. 843
25.3.5 HTTPS 重定向 ................................................................................................. 845
25.3.6 IIS 重寫規(guī)則 .................................................................................................... 846
25.3.7 Apache 重寫規(guī)則 ............................................................................................. 848
第 26 章 限流............................................................................................................................. 850
26.1 控制并發(fā)量 .................................................................................................................. 850
26.1.1 設(shè)置并發(fā)和等待請求閾值 ............................................................................... 850
26.1.2 初識基于隊(duì)列的處理策略 ............................................................................... 853
26.1.3 初識基于棧的處理策略 ................................................................................... 855
26.2 并發(fā)限制中間件 ........................................................................................................... 856
26.2.1 等待隊(duì)列策略 .................................................................................................. 856
26.2.2 ConcurrencyLimiterMiddleware ........................................................................ 856
26.2.3 處理拒絕請求 .................................................................................................. 858
26.3 等待隊(duì)列策略 ............................................................................................................... 859
26.3.1 基于隊(duì)列的處理策略 ....................................................................................... 859
26.3.2 基于棧的處理策略 ........................................................................................... 861
第 27 章 認(rèn)證 ............................................................................................................................. 867
27.1 認(rèn)證、登錄與注銷 ....................................................................................................... 867
27.1.1 認(rèn)證票據(jù) .......................................................................................................... 867
27.1.2 基于 Cookie 的認(rèn)證 ......................................................................................... 868
27.1.3 強(qiáng)制認(rèn)證 .......................................................................................................... 871
27.1.4 登錄與注銷 ...................................................................................................... 871
27.2 身份與用戶 .................................................................................................................. 872
27.2.1 IIdentity ............................................................................................................ 872
27.2.2 IPrincipal .......................................................................................................... 877
27.3 認(rèn)證模型 ...................................................................................................................... 880
27.3.1 認(rèn)證票據(jù)詳細(xì)介紹 ........................................................................................... 880
27.3.2 認(rèn)證處理器 ...................................................................................................... 883
27.3.3 認(rèn)證服務(wù) .......................................................................................................... 889
27.3.4 服務(wù)注冊 .......................................................................................................... 893
27.3.5 AuthenticationMiddleware ................................................................................ 896
27.4 Cookie 認(rèn)證方案 .......................................................................................................... 898
27.4.1 AuthenticationHandler＜TOptions＞ .................................................................... 898
27.4.2 CookieAuthenticationHandler ........................................................................... 903
27.4.3 注冊 CookieAuthenticationHandler ................................................................... 912
第 28 章 授權(quán) ............................................................................................................................. 915
28.1 基于“角色”的授權(quán) ................................................................................................... 915
28.1.1 基于“要求”的授權(quán) ....................................................................................... 915
28.1.2 預(yù)定義授權(quán)策略............................................................................................... 919
28.1.3 基于終節(jié)點(diǎn)的自動(dòng)化授權(quán) ............................................................................... 921
28.2 基于“要求”的授權(quán) ................................................................................................... 922
28.2.1 IAuthorizationHandler ...................................................................................... 922
28.2.2 預(yù)定義授權(quán)處理器 ........................................................................................... 924
28.2.3 授權(quán)檢驗(yàn) .......................................................................................................... 928
28.3 基于“策略”的授權(quán) ................................................................................................... 933
28.3.1 授權(quán)策略的構(gòu)建 .............................................................................................. 934
28.3.2 授權(quán)策略的注冊 .............................................................................................. 935
28.3.3 授權(quán)檢驗(yàn) .......................................................................................................... 936
28.4 授權(quán)與路由 .................................................................................................................. 937
28.4.1 IAuthorizeData ................................................................................................. 937
28.4.2 IAllowAnonymous ............................................................................................ 939
28.4.3 IPolicyEvaluator ............................................................................................... 940
28.4.4 IAuthorizationMiddlewareResultHandler .......................................................... 943
28.4.5 AuthorizationMiddleware .................................................................................. 944
第 29 章 跨域資源共享 ............................................................................................................. 947
29.1 處理跨域資源 .............................................................................................................. 947
29.1.1 跨域調(diào)用 API ................................................................................................... 947
29.1.2 提供者顯式授權(quán) .............................................................................................. 950
29.1.3 基于策略的資源授權(quán) ....................................................................................... 951
29.1.4 將 CORS 策略應(yīng)用到路由上 ........................................................................... 952
29.2 CORS 規(guī)范 ................................................................................................................... 953
29.2.1 同源策略 .......................................................................................................... 953
29.2.2 針對資源的授權(quán) .............................................................................................. 954
29.2.3 獲取授權(quán)的方式 .............................................................................................. 955
29.2.4 用戶憑證 .......................................................................................................... 958
29.3 CORS 中間件 ............................................................................................................... 958
29.3.1 CORS 策略 ...................................................................................................... 958
29.3.2 CORS 與路由 ................................................................................................... 961
29.3.3 CORS 授權(quán) ...................................................................................................... 962
29.3.4 CorsMiddleware ............................................................................................... 964
第 30 章 健康檢查 ..................................................................................................................... 968
30.1 檢查應(yīng)用的健康狀況 ................................................................................................... 968
30.1.1 確定當(dāng)前應(yīng)用是否可用 ................................................................................... 968
30.1.2 定制健康檢查邏輯 ........................................................................................... 969
30.1.3 改變響應(yīng)狀態(tài)碼............................................................................................... 970
30.1.4 細(xì)粒度的健康檢查 ........................................................................................... 972
30.1.5 定制響應(yīng)內(nèi)容 .................................................................................................. 973
30.1.6 過濾 IHealthCheck 對象 ................................................................................... 975
30.2 設(shè)計(jì)與實(shí)現(xiàn) .................................................................................................................. 975
30.2.1 IHealthCheck .................................................................................................... 976
30.2.2 HealthCheckService .......................................................................................... 981
30.2.3 HealthCheckMiddleware ................................................................................... 984
30.3 發(fā)布健康報(bào)告 ............................................................................................................... 989
30.3.1 定期發(fā)布健康報(bào)告 ........................................................................................... 989
30.3.2 IHealthCheckPublisher ...................................................................................... 990
30.3.3 HealthCheckPublisherHostedService ................................................................. 991